Starbucks Ethics in a Cup Essay - 1436 Words

In the ever evolving world of capitalism, a common thought thread of dog eat dog has emerged. In order to survive a business must do whatever it can to turn a profit, with no regard to social, environmental, or economic responsibility. This worked for a time; profits were soaring in almost every business sector. Until the business world would be rocked by scandals at the start of the twenty-first century. The lack of business ethics in corporate America led to the worst economic downfall in America since the great depression. Today lawmakers, stakeholders, and consumers are demanding more ethical business practices, and more social responsibility. Businesses that are open and conscience of ethical practices are noticing an upward†¦show more content†¦As previously mentioned Starbucks has numerous initiatives in social responsibility. Examining each exposes the company’s values revealing why Starbucks is a leader in business ethics, and why it continues to thriv e in an economic down-turn. First, is how Starbucks treats its partners; partners is the term used throughout Starbucks to refer to its employees. Each partner, full or part time is eligible for health care benefits. In 2008 when Schultz resumed his role as CEO, multiple institutional investors called asking Schultz to reduce partner healthcare coverage, which cost the company $250 million annually. Schultz refused the calls. He believed not paying the premiums would be inconsistent with the goal of turning profit (Kaplan, 2011). In addition to health care, partners can participate in the company’s Bean Stock program. The program offers Starbucks stock at 85% of its fair market value, four times a year. Starbucks partners also enjoy a 401(k), where the company matches 25% of the partners’ contribution. These benefits lead to extremely loyal employees. Food industry turnover rates are about 400% per year, while Starbucks’ is only 50% (Reis, 2010). Partn ers at every level are empowered to make ethical decision that affect the image of Starbucks. Starbucks publishes ethical guidelines and trains its partnersShow MoreRelatedStarbucks : Ethical And Ethical Issues Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Starbucks is renowned for its morality due to their innovative sustainability and environmental policies and operations. They strive to go beyond mandated regulations by implementing ethics as part of their core practices. However, no matter how flawless their code of ethics is; they, too, face ethical issues and commit unethical acts. First, they are responsible for putting small, local coffee shops out of business which creates a uniform retail culture throughout cities. Second, they advertiseRead MoreStarbucks : A Home Away From Home Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit- one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time.† Starbucks is one of the largest chain restaurants in the United States. With over 17,000 stores located in 55 countries, and approximately 3 new stores being opened each day, Starbucks is the 3rd largest restaurant chain in the United States. When founded in 1971, the founders wanted to focus on the customer, the experience, and the product. Starbuck’s founding partners wanted to create a coffee shop thatRead MoreStarbucks : A Global Business Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks was founded nearly forty-five years ago as an organization that holds the belief that it was possible to balance good business with uncompromising values. (CITE 1) Starbucks is a global business that operates in over seventy countries and has more than twenty-four thousand stores. Starbucks locations serve hot and cold drinks, whole-bean coffee, espresso, tea, and pastries. Few offerings are limited to seasonal times throughout the year or are specific to the locality of the store. StarbucksRead MoreStarbuckss Corporate Social Responsibility1229 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks’ Corporate Social Responsibility In today’s business world, companies have changed. Companies are looking to adjust to their business and community expectations by making changes in the technological machinery and devices they use to reduce the company’s negative environmental impact. In order to sustain economic businesses, companies should not only concern about the financial benefits, but also ethic firms have to care about people, society, and the environment as well (Elkington 72)Read MoreStarbucks Paper1331 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Coffee ACCT 227 Cost Accounting Professor Karen V. Wiebke, CPA March 22, 2009 Starbucks Coffee Seeing a Starbucks sign reminds a person of the tantalizing flavors that are brewed from the store that sells millions of people their first cup of coffee every morning. Upon walking into the store, it is inviting and welcoming. The staff is friendly and helpful and the crowd is eager to enjoy that bittersweet java on the taste buds. When an order is made, the staff prepares eachRead MoreStarbucks : An Ideal Form Of Communication1024 Words   |  5 PagesConsumers have the option to download the Starbucks app where they can register for Starbucks Rewards. The rewards program can only be used by downloading the phone app. The app allows customers to pay by phone, pre-order menu items, receive free drinks, coupons, and in store refills. The app can send notifications to the consumer when they qualify for rewards or a free drink. App users will also receive notifications when promotions are active in Starbucks retail stores. Mobile marketing in the formRead MoreStarbucks : Innovati on For Success1604 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks FruVe Innovation to Success Coffee is a traditional approach to beginning a day. There is a variety of coffee flavors that can be accompanied by condiments. Starbucks, a United States, based company recognized the complexity of coffee preferences. More recently, Starbucks has expanded their products to include more than breakfast pastry and coffee. For the more sophisticated, adventurous or urbane coffee connoisseur, there are flavorful drinks that can satisfy the diverse tastes ofRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Acme Charity1663 Words   |  7 Pagesto enter the job market in the province. AcMe Charity s seasonal events are well attended. For continued success, synergistic relationships need to be fostered. For the upcoming event: Celebrating CSR†, it is important to carefully review The Starbucks Corporation prior to inviting them to this AcMe Charity event. Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s social performance and the impacts of the company on its internal and external stakeholders, including: customers, suppliersRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Starbucks Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly drawn people to Starbucks due to its highly anticipated services, products, and marketing strategies that differ from most fast food restaurants. The next service is the Starbucks webpage where the customers can go onto the site and view product and also make purchases. This service is quite excellent for those that want to checkout items online through the site, because it incorporates a similar process as the application on your smartphone. Starbucks also incorporates equipment andRead MoreStarbucks Strategic Strategy Analysis1152 Words   |  5 Pagesbroad differentiation they purchased a narino supreme bean, and they also roast their own bean in their private locations. Starbucks goal is to offer the best quality coffee and to keep their customers happy. They focus on experience plus they continue to build a close relationship with their customers by creating an environment where customers can come and relax. Starbucks furthermore invests in its employees through empowering corporate culture, employee benefits, and stock ownership programs.

Oppression in Animal Farm by George Orwell - 782 Words

All oppression creates a state of war -Simone de Beauvar, French Philosopher. Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory for the Russian Revolution. Each animal was a key character in the Revolution such as Napoleon being Joseph Stalin, Mr. Jones being Tsar Nicholas and Boxer, being an ignorant. Mr.Jones was run off the farm because the animals were tired of the drunken man mistreating them. What the animals didnt know was that they went from one dictator to a whole group of them. The pigs. Ignorance contributes to political and social oppression and is proved by the inability to comprehend what the pigs are doing to the other animals. The animals cannot read or write as well, are perplexed easily, couldnt see the blemishes in the pigs leadership, or how the pigs changed things and didnt see or completely ignored how the pigs had acted. First, the inability to read or write automatically let the pig take advantage of the other animals. The animals were attempting to learn the alphab et however, most couldnt get passed the first letter. Muriel, the goat, could read [better than] the dogs. . . Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. . . Mollie refused to learn any bu the six letters [which] spelt her own name. . .None of he other animals [could get] further than A. (Orwell, 28) The few animals that did understand how to read and write was inferior to the pigs level of literacy and/or did not use what they knew to their ownShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreEducation In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1537 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Ignorance In Animal Farm1558 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because of this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   first,Read MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm701 Words   |  3 Pagessays it, it must be right†Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 56). Boxer, a horse, was unsure of how he felt with Napoleon and the rest of the pigs having all of the power, was not informed enough to know or argue that he did not like this new way of governing, so he just settled with what he was told. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is about Manor Farm that is seized by its maltreated animals that set up their own government in the now renamed â€Å"Animal Farm†. There are many animals on this farm, including Benjamin, a donkeyRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell believes â€Å"What you get over and over again is a movement of the proletariat which is promptly characterized and betrayed by astute people at the top and then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never arrives is equality† (Letemendia 1). Orwell simply loathes revolution and thinks it is unfair to the majority, for the people. He thinks that while individuals change, the people in power are always corrupt and they will corrupt any attempt at change. He communicatesRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Animal Of Power 1129 Words   |  5 Pagesand dominance. George Orwell conveys his interpretation of greed by utilizing the aim and the purpose of a fable. A fable teaches a moral lesson to the world and usually uses characters that speak and behave like humans. Early in George Orwell’s novella, an example of greed is provided when the pigs steal the apples and milk for themselves under the false simulation of it being for the merit of the farm â€Å"to preserve our [pig s] health† (Orwell 52). Squealer decieted the farm animals through the useRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literaryRead MoreThe Key Themes In Animal Farm By George Orwell952 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm, an allegorical novel by George Orwell, depicts a very clear picture of the events leading up to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. The techniques Orwell has used when writing this piece allows his robust view points and prominent reoccurring themes to become clear. A couple of themes that stood out the most to me was the use of education and intelligence, as well as corruption of power and leadership to fuel oppression. Orwell uses the imagery of aRead MoreAnimals Take Over in Animal Farm by George Orwell1370 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, the animals take over the farm and develop their own independent society. Just as it happened during the Russian Revolution of 1917. George Orwell underlies the tension between the oppressed and the exploiting classes between the condescending ideals and harsh realities of socialism. During the course of the literary piece by George Orwell makes it clear how the animals are mistreated by â€Å"Mr. Jones â€Å", because of this treatment they are receiving; OldRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesMr.Booth Period 6 English 12/3/14 Author Study of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that are applicable

Investment Program for Energy Efficiency

Question: Describe about the value for money and Government sources of finance and funding decision making for Investment Program for Energy Efficiency? Answer: Introduction UK is one of the most developed nations of Europe. As the council of UK is looking to improvise its resources like electricity and water conservations which will helps to gain the clean energy system within its public offices and schools and hospitals (Albareda et al. 2010). In order to do so the company is looking for the several prgrammes and the projects this will be helpful in gaining clean energy resources within the UK public offices. This will helpful the company to gain the top position in the EU and world for clean energy resources within the UK public offices (Bladh, 2010). The study will also takes us through the various investment appraisals system which will help to analyse the best alternative programmes for the UK council. The study will also focus on the funding part of the study which will shows the council where to avail the funding. Value for money: UK is known for the low carbon economy in the current world market, public sector of UK is looking to lead by examples (Aras and Crowther, 2012). The prime minister of UK Mr. David Cameron on may 2010 has announce that, government offices, schools and hospital will be removed which may become the company to make them greenest government ever. The central government would come up new ideas and new form of energy resources which will help to reduce its carbon dioxide by 11% within the coming 12 months. prime minister of the also committed to 5 year plan to reduce the green house gases by more than 30% in coming years from the public offices, schools and the hospitals (Johansson, 2014). Local council has announced to invest more than 5 million for the introducing the clean energy system within these local offices. With the help of the project called Greening, Government Commitments is only for the public companies where government is looking to reduce more than 25% of the carbon emission via Led light , water conservation programmes and solar form of energy to save electricity (Bozorgi, 2015). Some of the explains of the public sector organization in UK are been able to successful reduce the energy consumption are Depart of energy and Climate change and Hospital like South Manchester has bale to reduce the electricity by 44% and electricity by 6% which makes the saving worth of more than 400,000 per annum (Easley and OHara, 2009). With the help of case study of the Kent county council, it has been found that, these council has been able to invest in the renewable form of energy and water efficiency improvements across the state and schools by upgrading the street lamp by LED and implementing the large solar PV installations in schools which was one of the project where the council has invested more than 358000 just for 3 years (Bacher, 2009). Apart from that, another major cases like oxford case of air conditioning system to save 161/Co2 per years which helps the council to gain worth of 42000 per years. However, the government of the local council of the oxford has invested more than 45000 (Barth and Wolff, 2009). Sources and uses of finance information for local government One of the major assessment shows that, making capital investment should be made as per the long term goals not the short goals (Campbell, 2009). The funding requirement considers the actual life of the project in compare top the sources of funding. Budget preparation as one of the major techniques which will help the council to understand which project would be feasible for the UK offices (Amihud and Mendelson, 2010). Although energy efficiency project gives the long term gain in future which is also an investment opportunity but maintenance of the energy efficiency cost is another major part which is also one of the major concern for the local council (Campbell, 2006). While assessing the energy efficiency schemes maintenance cost and operating cost must need to taken into considerations. With the help of various project appraisals system like NPV (Net present value), Payback period, and IRR will give an insight to the total return on investment in future (Carroll, 2008). However, each of them has own strengths and weakness: Payback period: It is one of the most effective ways to understand the ROI return years. The lower the year the higher would be chances of the accepting the project. However, it does not consider the time value of money (Vine, 2008). NPV: It is one of the most permanent way to appraise the chosen project. It considers time value of money. However, the difference between the cost of energy and differs can be differ from the wider level of inflations (Liddle, 2012). Apart from the above other major funding would be expected budget for the project will set the standard cost. The expected budget considers the profit and loss statements, balance sheet and cash flow statements (Cheney and Roper, 2010). The expected budget with more than 3 years would give the idea of the investment and return of investment which will help the council to work as per set standards (La Port et al. 2009). Expenditure day book: Expenditure day book will have credit and cash information where the local council will be able to understand actual cost spending. Apart from that, with the help of startup funding, council will be able to keep track of the project (Crane et al. 2009). There is been ample evidence which that expenditure day is one of the major information which will help the council and government to understand whether the project is variable or not (Ibrahim and Parsa, 2007). Apart from the above, public sector organization to fund energy efficiency project along with consideration of risk management , due diligence , audit trail and transparency compliance are some of the obligations which is needed to be fulfill before going to purse the implementation of energy efficiency resources within the UK (Jones, 2010). Government sources of finance and funding decision making Some of the major sources of finance are given below: Foundation and trust: One of the major funding of the projects comes from the foundation and trusts which regulate and monitor the prudential borrowings (Bozorgi, 2015). For hospitals, NHS is one of the major foundations where the prudential borrowing limited is being reviewed and foundation gives the long term borrowings to the hospital for the implement the energy efficiency project within the public hospitals (Cooper, 2010). Universities: Another major funding comes from the British universities which take active part in energy efficiency environment to ensure future surroundings would be more energy efficient. The British universities have their own Treasury Management policies which help the council adequately sufficient of the fund for the energy efficiency projects (Kesicki and Yanagisawa, 2014). Salix scheme: Salix funding is scheme which has been granted by the DECC and which is interest free loans for the energy efficiency projects for public sectors units (Faulkender and Petersen, 2009). Loans are given with certain criteria like maximum period and actual carbon saved by the public companies with programmes like solar and LED lamp (Johansson, 2014). Salix Scheme has helps the Bristol council for the funding of the up gradation of street light lamp from high energy bulb to the ceramic metal LED lamp (Lopez et al. 2011). This new and advance technology helps them to level the lightening as per the weather conditions which ultimately reduce the energy (Bozorgi, 2015). Salix scheme has funded worth of 2.1 million which was now generating annual savings of the more than 5000,00 within the 2 years. Apart from that, Salix scheme also helps St. Andrews university by funding the with 2 million which saves more than 600,000 per annum by installing, boiler , motor control system sand LED lamp within the colleges with average payback period is 4 years (Maignan and Ferrell, 2008). Green Investment bank of UK: The introduction of this bank is to fund only the energy efficiency projects within and across the UK. The GIB has been one of the major funding houses for the government in order to support the non domestic energy efficiency projects (Lichtenberg, 1977). GIB financing is not only funding the project but also taken initiates to self help implementation of LED street lamp and NHS energy efficiency. Some of the major work of GIB over the years is very much related to the building remunerations by led lamp and insulation (Van Marrewijk, 2011). Renewable heat and Green transport like bicycle within the university are some of the major landmark achieve by the banks. Accounting and financing helps the council to understand the actual cost and excepted cost which will be helpful for the implementation of projects (Valerie et al. 2010). The financial statements are very much useful because of the timeliness of the information that helps to gain actual time finishing of the project. Accounting language helps in processing document all aspect of business financial performance from payroll cost, capital expenditure and sale revenue etc (MariĆ¡ et al. 2011). Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that sources finance required for the funding the energy efficiency resources within the UK offices and hospitals. There are various programme like solar panel and LED lamp are some of the major value for money projects which will help the council to earn more than 120000 per annum from the investment of more than 5 million. There has been numerous sources of finance houses like GIB, Foundation like NHS and EIB. Reference List Books Albareda, L., Lozano, J. M. and Ysa, T. (2010) Public policies on corporate social responsibility: The role of governments in Europe. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 391407. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2012) Business Strategy and Sustainability. 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bacher, C., (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility. 4th ed. New York: Business Expert Press. Barth, R. and Wolff, F. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe: Rhetoric and Realities. 6th ed. New York, London: Routledge. Campbell, J. L. (2009) Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, 946967. Campbell, J. L. (2006) Institutional Analysis and the Paradox of Corporate Social Responsibility. American Behavioral Scientist 49(7): 925-938 Carroll, A.B. (2008) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons 34(4): 39-49 Cheney, G. and Roper, J. (2010) The Debate Over Corporate Social Responsibility. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Crane, A. et al. (2009) CSR: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 6th ed. Sydney: Routledge Journals Bladh, M. (2010). Energy efficient lighting meets real home life. Energy Efficiency, 4(2), pp.235-245. Bozorgi, A. (2015). Integrating value and uncertainty in the energy retrofit analysis in real estate investmentnext generation of energy efficiency assessment tools. Energy Efficiency. Johansson, M. (2014). Improved energy efficiency within the Swedish steel industrythe importance of energy management and networking. Energy Efficiency. Kesicki, F. and Yanagisawa, A. (2014). Modelling the potential for industrial energy efficiency in IEAs World Energy Outlook. Energy Efficiency, 8(1), pp.155-169. Lichtenberg, A. (1977). Energy efficiency and energy savings. Energy, 2(3), pp.283-286. Liddle, B. (2012). OECD energy intensity. Energy Efficiency, 5(4), pp.583-597. Vine, E. (2008). Breaking down the silos: the integration of energy efficiency, renewable energy, demand response and climate change. Energy Efficiency, 1(1), pp.49-63. Husted, B. W. and Allen, D. B. (2009) Corporate social strategy in multina- Corporate social strategy in multinational enterprises: Antecedents and values creation. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 345361. Ibrahim, N. and Parsa, F. (2007) Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation: Are there differences between US and French Managers? Review of Business 26(1): 27-33 Jones, D. R. (2010) Leadership strategies for sustainable development: A case study of Suma Whole foods. Business Strategy the Environment, 9(6), 378389. Lopez, M., Garcia, A. and Rodriguez, L. (2011) Sustainable development and corporate performance: A study based on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. Journal of Business Ethics, 75, 285300. Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O.C. (2008) Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case if the Unites States and France Journal of Business Ethics 23(3): 283-297 Tebo, P. V. (2011) Building business value through sustainable growth. Research Technology Management, 48(5), 2832. Van Marrewijk, M. (2011) Concepts and dentitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics 44: 95105 Valerie, G., Cook, C. and Ali, A. (2010) "Using net present value methods to evaluate quality improvement projects", International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 27(3), pp.333 - 350 MariĆ¡, B., KamberoviĆ¡, B. and Radlovacki, V. (2011) Observing the dependence between dynamic indicators of investment profitability - Relative net present value and internal rate of return, African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), pp. 10331-10337 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. (2010) The liquidity route to a lower cost of capital, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 12, 525 Easley, D. and OHara, M. (2009) Information and the Cost of Capital, The Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1553-83. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (2009) Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation, Journal of Finance, 57, 114770 Cooper, I. (2010) Asset pricing implications of nonconvex adjustment costs and irreversibility of investment, Journal of Finance 61, 139-170 Faulkender, M., and Petersen, M. A. (2009) Does the source of capital affect capital structure?, Review of Financial Studies 19, 45-79.

Persuasive Speech on Global Warming Essay Example

Persuasive Speech on Global Warming Essay PERSUASIVE SPEECH ON GLOBAL WARMING by: Jennifer Zelmer Introduction: We all know about global warming, but do we really care or try to do at least some of the things that will help stop it or at least slow it down? 1) Over the last century our planets temp. has risen 1 degree. I know that doesnt sound like much but its been enough to melt a lot of the polar ice caps and glaciers. A) The hottest years ever recorded were in the late 1990s and early 2000s. B) In 2007 there was a massive polar ice melt and the amount of glaciers and sea ice has decreased quite a bit since the 70s. This has already caused the sea levels to rise. C) The U. N. panel on climate change projects that by the end of this century the global temps. will have risen 3-10 degrees. Enough to melt the rest of the polar ice caps. And it will probably be to hot for some or all of our local crops to survive. D) And the EPA projects that by the end of this century the sea levels will rise 2 to 3 feet. Flooding 10-thousand square miles in the United States alone. ) Here are some of the things that we as individuals can do to help save our planet. A) They are simpler than you think. You dont have to go protest, or spend lots of money. B) There are lots of little and not so little things we can do around our homes that if done collectively, will make a difference. 3) First plant trees. If not at home find a school, or nursing home, that would let you plant them. Trees, when fully grown help keep the plant cooler. Or, you could protest the demolition of the rainforest if youd rather. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech on Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech on Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech on Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are the same principle, we need trees to cool our planet yet they are chopping them down to create roads, homes, shopping malls and parking lots. A) Instead of driving you could walk or ride a bike, if you live close enough to your destination. That way your helping to reduce pollution as well as getting exercise. B) Also the more things that we import the more pollution from airplanes and boats we create. So you could buy your fruits and vegetables from local farmers, and try to buy American made products whenever possible. C) And of course we cant forget the three Rs. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Only buy what you need , ruse whatever you can, like containers and paper, and recycle what you cannot reuse. Its really as simple as that. 4) Th extra heat our homes produce also adversely affects the planet. A) By sealing and insulating our homes better we can help stop that and save money on our energy bills. B) Also instead of turning up the heat when your cold, put on an extra layer of clothes. Again youll be saving energy and money. C) If at all possible, use solar energy. After all its free, all you have to do is buy the equipment. And you would be helping to ensure that our ancestors still have a planet to live on. D) Finally, by turning off unused power sources such as tvs and computers, again you will be helping the environment as well as saving money on energy bills. Conclusion: If we all would do as many things that we possibly can to help reduce greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere, we would all be doing a great thing by helping to ensure that our grand-kids and theirs will still have this beautiful planet to live on and enjoy. Thank You.

Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay Essay Example

Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay Essay Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, over many a quaint and funny volume of disregarded traditional knowledge, while I nodded, about napping, all of a sudden there came a tapping, as of person gently knaping, knaping at my chamber door. T is some visitant, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door merely this, and nil more. ( Poe, The Raven, 1845 ) It is with this stanza that Edgar Allan Poe opens his heroic poem verse form The Raven ; and it is with this descriptive gap that the reader is thrown into a universe unbeknown to anything conceivable, the universe of Edgar Allan Poe the maestro of horror and imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Edgar Allen Poe was born January, 19th, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to Parents David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. Edgar had a younger sister Rosalie Poe and an older brother William Henry Leonard Poe. When Edgar Poe was merely 1 twelvemonth old his male parent David Poe Jr. left Elizabeth to fight to care for Edgar and his siblings. It was in the clip following the going of his male parent that Edgar s female parent Elizabeth came down will tuberculosis. Being hapless Elizabeth had no pick but to cleaving to life at a embarkation house, all the piece immature Edgar watched impotently as his female parent easy sank into craze until eventually go throughing. Following the decease of his female parent Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe, Edgar and his siblings were scattered to three different Foster places throughout Richmond, Virginia. Edgar was eventfully cared for by John Allan, a affluent baccy merchandiser, who cared for Edgar as if he was his ain kid and welcomed Edgar in to his household with unfastened weaponries. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) It was during his younger old ages that Mrs. Allen would lavish Edgar with fondness, and at for Edgar things were good, but much like Edgar s early life things would non stay, much like Elizabeth Poe, Edgar s Foster female parent stricken with TB. During this clip a rift between Edgar and Mr. Allen grew. It was following this clip that Mr. Allen sent Edgar to go to the University of Virginia. It was during this clip that Edgar Allan Poe developed great chancing debt. During that clip debitors prison did be. Fearing being sent to prison, Edgar joined the United States ground forces in 1827 under an false name Edgar a Perry. After two twelvemonth in the ground forces Edgar Allan Poe was discharged in1829 following the decease of his Foster female parent Frances Allan on February 28, 1829 The Death of Frances Allan affected Edgar immensely and much like the decease of his female parent Edgar would transport her decease throughout life frequently idolizing itself in Poe s Hagiographas. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) After the decease of Frances Allan, Poe moved to Baltimore where he would finally get married his first cousin, 13 twelvemonth old Virginia Clemm. Their matrimony was a happy 1. That was until 1942 when his married woman Virginia devolved TB. The following five old ages were as Edgar was already accustomed to a life snake pit. Edgar would care for Virginia, up until her decease in 1847. During the clip after his married woman Virginia s decease Edgar Allan Poe would travel through great torture. He would imbibe to inebriation frequently and travel through periods of insanity. It was nt until 1849 that Edgar Allan Poe would eventually be relieved of the devils he found in his life. On October 7th 1949 Edgar Allan Poe died of unknown causes at the age of 40. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) Edgar Allan Poe was a antic author who would utilize assorted manners and elements to make every item nowadays in his work. Edgar Allan Poe would frequently take events that occurred in his life and transcribe them into his work. Such pieces of work as the ruddy decease and even the Corvus corax depict chilling devils found in the life of Edgar Allan Poe. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) One technique that he frequently used to portray a since of imagination is the integrity of consequence. The integrity of consequence is merely the entire amount of every item in the narrative combined to make the stoping. Edgar Allan Poe would utilize his characters, the scene, the temper, and assorted other facets to pull the reader into his narrative, and it was this integrity of consequence that universe finally lead the reader to experience a portion of the narrative and upon decision make the reader experience the general temper that Edgar Allan Poe wanted for his stoping. ( Poe, The Philosophy of Composition ) The integrity of consequence can be found in most of Edgar Allan Poe s authorship but none predominately as in The Fall of the House of Usher. To pull the reader into a dark universe where lamias exist, and where the effects of Roderick Ussher burying his sister Madeline Usher thrust Roderick into a province neer seen before, one of sorrow, enigma, and panic, Edgar Allan Poe used both imagination and the integrity of consequence. ( Poe, The Philosophy of Composition ) Edgar Allan Poe opens his short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher utilizing the integrity of consequence ; He does this by supplying the reader with a chilling word picture of the scene outside the house of Ussher. A dull, dark, and silent twenty-four hours in the fall of the twelvemonth, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the celestial spheres, I had been go throughing entirely, on horseback, through a singularly drab piece of land of state ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 738 ) . This gap sets the tone for the full narrative as you jump into the function of the Narrator a boyhood friend of Roderick ride ahorse thought a dark and glooming state side to assist Roderick in his clip of demand. Edgar Allan Poe farther uses the integrity of consequence in his description of the house of Ussher. ` With the first glance of the edifice, a sense of impossible somberness pervaded my spirit. I say impossible ; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic, sentiment, with which the head normally receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or awful. I looked upon the scene before me upon the mere house, and the simple landscape characteristics of the sphere upon the bleak walls upon the vacant eye-like Windowss upon a few rank sedges and upon a few white short pantss of decayed trees with an arrant depression of psyche which I can compare to no earthly esthesis more decently than to the after-dream of the reveller upon opium the acrimonious oversight into mundane life the horrid dropping off of the head covering. There was chill, a sinking, a sickening of the bosom an cursed boringness of idea which no prod of the imaginativeness could torment into nothing of the sublime. ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 738 ) This description of the house of usher creates a feeling of horror which casts down the readers spine and lies in the cavity of one s tummy, for as a reader I can now state that nil good remainders in the house of Ussher. Edgar Allan Poe besides uses the integrity of consequence in his description of the characters. I gazed upon him with a feeling half of commiseration, half of awe. Surely, adult male had neer earlier so awfully altered, in so brief a period, as had Roderick Usher! It was with trouble that I could convey myself to acknowledge the individuality of the wide area network being before me with the comrade of my early boyhood. Yet the character of his face had been at all times singular. A cadaverousness of skin color ; an oculus big, liquid, and aglow beyond comparing ; lips slightly thin and really pale, but of a surpassingly beautiful curve ; a olfactory organ of a delicate Hebrew theoretical account, but with a comprehensiveness of nostril unusual in similar formations ; a finely moulded mentum, speech production, in its privation of prominence, of a privation of moral energy ; hair of a more than web-like softness and thinness ; these characteristics, with an excessive enlargement above the parts of the temple, made up wholly a visage non easy to be forgotten. And now in the mer e hyperbole of the prevalent character of these characteristics, and of the look they were wont to convey, put so much of alteration that I doubted to whom I spoke. ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, pp. 740-741 ) Edgar Allan Poe s description of Roderick Ussher helps the reader understand and experience what horrors Roderick has seen and what awaits the reader in his stay at the house of Ussher. Edgar Allan Poe uses the integrity of consequence in other manners such as the reading of the Mad Trist where you ( The storyteller ) and Roderick read the narrative merely to hear the noise emanating from outside your chamber door. It is in this portion of the narrative that the terminal of draws near, but non merely that of the narrative but perchance of you. It is in the terminal where Edgar Allan Poe completes his integrity of consequence and succeeds in coaction every facet of the narrative into one feeling at the terminal, that of panic. There did stand the lofty and enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline of Usher. There was blood upon her white robes, and the grounds of some acrimonious battle upon every part of her bony frame. For a minute she remained trembling and staggering to and fro upon the threshold so, with a low moaning call, fell to a great extent inward upon the individual of her brother, and in her violent and now concluding death-agonies, bore him to the floor a cadaver, and a victim to the panics he had anticipated ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 750 ) Edgar Allan Poe s short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher uses the integrity of consequence in great lengths to assist the reader honkytonk into the function of the storyteller and genuinely experience the panic in which he felt. Edgar Allan Poe archives this through utilizing assorted descriptive techniques thought the narrative to associate every facet in some manner to the stoping. It is through that ; that Edgar Allan Poe archives his integrity of consequence in the short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher. Edgar Allan Poe used imagination in every one of his Hagiographas to let the reader to wholly plunge themselves into his Hagiographas. In reading any of Edgar Allan Poe s work it becomes obvious that Edgar Allan Poe is in many ways a maestro of imagination. His composing manner differs greatly from any other manner I have of all time seen. Edgar Allan Poe allows the reader to presume to take in each and every one of his plants. One such piece of work is the Corvus corax. In the verse form the Corvus corax, Edgar Allan Poe uses great imagination to portray a felling of horror, of heartache and of lunacy, lunacy brought on by the loss of a love, Lenore. The verse form the Corvus corax Tells of a adult male, a immature poet who is forenoon the loss of his love Lenore. When all of a sudden there was a knock on his door when he goes to inspect it, he shortly finds that there is nil at that place. This goes on repeatedly until the entryway of a Corvus corax, which utters but one word never again . It is with both the Corvus corax and his uttering of nevermore that the poet drives himself into insanity hardening, and pleading with the Corvus corax, that he believes is a courier from the hereafter. In the Corvus corax Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to let the reader to come in the universe of the immature poet, to delight in the lunacy found within. It is in the 2nd and 3rd stanzas that Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to portray both the scene and the first tone of horror found in the Corvus corax. Ah, clearly I remember it was in the black December, and each separate deceasing ember wrought its shade upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow ; in vain I had sought to borrow From my books cessation of sorrow sorrow for the lost Lenore For the rare and beaming maiden whom the angels named Lenore Nameless here for evermore. And the satiny sad unsure rustling of each purple drape Thrilled me filled me with antic panics neer felt before ; So that now, to still the whipping of my bosom, I stood reiterating `Tis some visitant biding entryway at my chamber door Some late visitant biding entryway at my chamber door ; This it is, and nil more, ( Poe, The Raven, 1845 ) In these stanzas Edgar Allan Poe begins to depict the scene, the descriptive nature in Edgar Allan Poe s the Corvus corax icinesss my castanetss. In the Corvus corax Edgar Allan Poe used assorted symbols and intimations to take the reader to make an image in their caput and let them to go the poet. One such symbol is the verse form being set in December. December is a cold month, its darkness and its cold, breaths decease. The iciness of the winter dark allows the reader to conceive of a dark cold windy dark, the coals of the fire gently glowing on the floor ; the purple curtains fliting in the air current, each symbol bring you further into the universe of the Corvus corax. This is what Edgar Allan Poe does best ; he used great imagination to portray his overall tone. In the raven each and every line brings the reader deeper and deeper into lunacy. Edgar Allan Poe non merely uses imagination to let the reader to come in a physical image in their head but to besides let the reader to come in an emotional image every bit good. One such illustration is in Edgar Allan Poe s verse form Annabel Lee. In this verse form Edgar Allan Poe describes his love for Virginia dubbed Annabel Lee and the bosom aching brought approximately from her ill-timed decease. It was many and many a twelvemonth ago, In a land by the sea, That a maiden at that place lived whom you may cognize By the name of ANNABEL LEE ; And this inaugural she lived with no other idea Than to love and be loved by me. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) Lines 1-6 ) The Opening stanza in Annabel Lee creates a feeling of love. The repeat of the line In a land by the sea creates a felling of solidarity of importance, that the love between you and Annabel Lee is all that affairs and the love you two portion is in its ain manner a land by the sea, that your love creates a universe a land your land by the sea. The angels, non half so happy in Eden, Went envying her and me- Yes! that was the ground ( as all work forces know, In this land by the sea ) That the air current came out of the cloud by dark, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) ( Lines 21-26 ) This stanza in Annabel Lee creates the image of a conflict between the celestial spheres and your Annabel Lee. This stanza let the reader to conceive of angels looking down from heaven at your Annabel Lee looking with such hatred, so envy, that they had no other pick but to kill her taking your Annabel Lee. Another thing that this stanza portrays the overall compulsion Edgar Allan Poe had with Virginia ( Annabel Lee ) . To Justify Annabel Lee s decease by saying that the angels envy your love for each other so in bend they took Annabel Lee s life. It is in the verse form Annabel Lee that Edgar Allan Poe allows the reader to place themselves with Poe himself. It is with Annabel Lee that Poe creates a vision within himself one that portrays his life with Virginia and how even in decease Virginia and he will be together. But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we- Of many far wiser than we- And neither the angels in Eden above, Nor the devils down under the sea, Can of all time divide my psyche from the psyche Of the beautiful Annabel Lee. For the Moon neer beams without conveying me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee ; And the stars neer rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee ; And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride, In the burial chamber at that place by the sea, In her grave by the sounding sea. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) ( Lines 27- 42 ) From looking at Edgar Allan Poe s life and from analysing Annabel Lee I can clearly see how Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to make a feeling of an ageless love. It can besides be said that Annabel Lee creates an image of Poe that is all but blandishing, one that portrays Poe and an over obsessional hubby. Who even through decease will both love and be with Annabel Lee. From analysing his life and lifes one can state that Edgar Allan Poe was frantically in love with Virginia, and in composing Annabel Lee, Edgar Allan Poe clearly depicts both his love and compulsion for Virginia. There are many lines in Annabel Lee that show this. Edgar Allan Poe lived a life unlike any other. His life was that of decease and sorrow, of grief and wretchedness. Edgar Allan Poe uses his tragic life as a Muse in all of his pieces of work. The Red Mask of Death, The Raven, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the house of Usher, Etc all of these pieces of work represent a tragic event in Edgar Allan Poe s life. It is in utilizing this Muse that Edgar Allan Poe can make an image so strong that the reader forgets what is existent and what fiction is. It is in making this feeling that Edgar Allan Poe genuinely earns his rubric as a maestro if imagination. So in decision Edgar Allan Poe uses great description, imagination and the integrity of consequence to make a universe for the reader. A universe of horror, of sorrow, of long lost long, that in which none could of all time conceive of a universe of Edgar Allan Poe.

Stomach Cancer Essays

Stomach Cancer Essays Stomach Cancer Essay Stomach Cancer Essay The human body is a complex system that has to be fully understood by us. It houses all the systems necessary for life. Each system works dependently with each other to sustain life. To acquire optimum body functioning, there should be a healthy relationship between the systems in our body.   Stomach, being part of the digestive system, holds a critical role in our body.   Like all the other organs in the human body, several alterations have been recorded that are considered threat to the human health. One of these is stomach cancer or otherwise known as gastric cancer. In order to understand what gastric is, it is imperative to determine first the anatomical and physiological structure of the stomach. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is a stomach? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is stomach cancer? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What causes stomach cancer? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is stomach cancer caused by an individual’s genetic make up? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is stomach cancer caused by an individual’s environmental factors? 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How is stomach cancer diagnosed? 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the current treatments for stomach cancer? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To which gender is stomach cancer most prevalent? 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To which race is stomach cancer most prevalent? The stomach is an expandable sack located mostly under the left lung, between the muscular diaphragm which pushes up the lung, and the coiled small intestine. The stomach is closed by important organs in the abdomen. To the right of the stomach is the liver, to its lower left is the spleen, and underneath it is the pancreas. The esophagus enters the stomach at the gastro-esophageal junction, while the small intestine exits it at the lowermost antrum. The front of the stomach rests on the abdominal wall, and lower parts of it also contact the upper left kidney and transverse colon. The important areas of the stomach itself are the greater curvature, the lesser curvature, the fundus and the cardia. The stomach has a delicate inner lining, made up of columnar epithelial cells, and acid secreting cells called parietal cells. The chemicals that protect this lining are called prostaglandins. The stomach has an impressive blood supply, mainly from the celiac artery which comes off of the main artery, the aorta. There is also venous drainage of blood to the spleen and liver. A secondary drainage system, called the lymph system, filters the blood in normally pea-sized lymph nodes. These are connected to lymphatics in other abdominal areas by lymph channels. Lymph nodes are full of white blood cells that help purify the blood serum; lymph nodes often enlarge when they detect spread of diseases. The point is that the stomachs rich blood supply and many drainage paths can act as conduits for spread of infections or cancers. The main purpose for the stomach is digestion of foods. Digestive process begins with the saliva in the mouth. In our diet, the stomach activates Vitamin B12, secretes hydrochloric acid to break down food, and churns the food into pulp. It can also directly absorb substances like alcohol and caffeine. The stomach is susceptible to an increase in the concentration of hydrochloric acid brought on by stress, certain foods, and the effects of tobacco smoke. While the stomach is normally protected against its own acid by an inner membrane, breakdown of this membrane leads to inflammation of the stomach, called gastritis.   An area that loses its membrane is also at risk to get an actual hole, called an ulcer. An ulcer may be shallow, and heal quickly, or it may be very deep and even perforate the outer stomach wall. Perforation is a surgical emergency. Fortunately, there are many medications now available which help reduce stomach acid concentration such as   Zantac, Pepcid and Tagame t, helping ulcers heal and preventing formation of new ones. Also, soothing protectants such as Carafate and even artificial prostaglandins can be given. These medications are often given preventively when the body is under great stress, such as after major surgery. While most stomach problems are minor ones, such as a mild virus or indigestion, occasionally serious disease strikes the stomach. The stomach is composed of various cells, which are intricately combined together into tissues which form the organ. These cells divide to produce new ones, and grow very rapidly during womb life, early childhood and puberty. In adulthood, new cells are produced only to replace those that die of old age, injury or disease. Normally, division of cells is under very tight control. This control is exerted by the genes inside each cell, which are housed in long clumps forming chromosomes, which are visible under a light microscope. The genes themselves are made up of DNA, the master genetic code material. If the genes are damaged, say by chemicals or radiation, the control over cell division may be lost in one particular cell. Ultimately, cancer is considered a disease of the DNA. Stomach cancer starts in a single lung cell. That cell starts dividing haphazardly, making millions and billions of copies of itself. It takes up the nourishment needed by other cells, depriving them so the can cer can continue to grow. Quickly growing cells can clump up to form a tumor. A tumor simply means a swelling; it can be caused by inflammation or infection. A benign tumor only grows in its local area it cannot spread and is not cancer. By contrast, a tumor which can spread to other body areas is called malignant and this is cancer. The process of cancer spread to other areas is called metastasis, so only malignant tumors such as cancer can metastasize. Theoretically, cancer can spread to any area of the body, and it often grows better in its area of spread than in its area of origin. It is this capacity for spread that makes cancer so dangerous. If not treated successfully, it ultimately kills by debility, anemia, infection, and compromise of normal body functions. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells grow, divide and die.  Sometimes, cells mutate and begin to grow and divide more quickly than normal cells.  Rather than dying, these abnormal cells clump together to form tumors. If these tumors are cancerous they can invade and kill your bodys healthy tissues. From these tumors, cancer cells can spread and form new tumors in other parts of the body. By contrast, benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer is the growth of cancer cells in the lining and wall of the stomach. There are 85% cases of gastric cancer which are   adenocarcinomas that occur in the lining of the stomach. Approximately 40% of cases develop in the lower part of the stomach (pylorus); 40% develop in the middle part (body); and 15% develop in the upper part (cardia). In about 10% of cases, cancer develops in more than one part of the organ. Stomach cancer can spread or metastasize to the esophagus or the small intestine, and can extend through the stomach wall to nearby lymph nodes and organs such as liver, pancreas, and colon. It also can metastasize to other parts of the body specifically the lungs, ovaries, bones. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2006, about 22,280 new cases of gastric cancer will be diagnosed in the United States and that about 11,430 people will die of the disease. Most people diagnosed with stomach cancer are in their 60s and 70s. The majority of these people who are diagnosed with gastric cancer are more than the age of 65.   Stomach cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Carcinoma of the stomach is the most common form of gastric neoplasm and accounts for about 2.6% of all cancer deaths (Cancer Facts and Figures, 1991). Stomach cancer has decreased 5-fold in the U.S.A. over the past 50 years. It is more common in males, extremely rare in children, and the average patient is 55 years old. The cause of stomach cancer is unknown, but there are certain predisposing factors recognized. Genetic factors seem to be important, since gastric cancer is more common in persons with blood group A. Geographic of environmental factors appear to be important since gastric cancer is common in Japan, China, Chile and Iceland. The incidence rate in Japan is one of the highest in the world. There are studies that showed that Japanese immigrants to the United States have an incidence rate comparable to that of other Americans. Genetic or hereditary risk factors include hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome which are conditions that result in a predisposition to cancer. People with type A blood also have an increased risk for stomach cancer. Medical conditions that increase the risk for the disease include pernicious anemia which results from a vitamin B-12 deficiency, chronic inflammation of the stomach or otherwise known as atrophic gastritis and intestinal polyps. The most important environmental factors in the cause of gastric cancer are (1) salt added to food; (2) food additives such as nitrates, in pickled or salted foods such as bacon; and (3) food factors in water and vegetables such as Vitamin C. Dietary salt enhances the conversion of nitrates to carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach. Salt is also caustic to the stomach and can cause chronic atrophic gastritis. Finally, hypertonic salt solutions delay gastric emptying. Delayed emptying increases the time during which carcinogenic nitrosamines can exert their effects on the stomach mucosa. The metabolism of nitrates and nitrites is very complex. Nitrates interact with amino acids in the stomach to form nitrosamines. The conversion of those carcinogenic nitrosamines is enhanced at a low PH by iodides and thiocyanates. Nitrates are thought to be active only when converted to nitrites and to cause stomach cancer once atrophic gastritis has occurred. Stomach cancer usually begins in the glands of the stomach mucosa. Approximately, 50% of all gastric cancers develop in the prepyloric antrum. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are strongly linked to the development of gastric cancer. Insufficient acid secretion by the atrophic mucosa creates a relatively alkaline environment that permits bacteria to multiply and act on nitrates. The resulting increase in nitrosamines damages the DNA of mucosal cells further, promoting metaplasia and neoplasia. Duodenal reflux may also contribute to intestinal metaplasia. The reflux contains caustic bile salts to destroy the mucosal barrier that normally protects the stomach. There are three general forms of gastric carcinoma. Ulcerating carcinoma is the most common type and must be differentiated from a benign gastric ulcer. Polypoid carcinoma appears as a cauliflowerlike mass protruding into the lumen and may arise from an adenomatous polyp. Infiltrating carcinoma may penetrate the entire thickness of the stomach wall and is responsible for the inflexible â€Å"leather bottle stomach† or otherwise known as linitis plastica. The clinical manifestations of stomach cancer come in stages. The early stage is generally asymptomatic of produce vague symptoms such as loss of appetite, malaise and indigestion. Later manifestations of gastric cancer include unexplained weight loss, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, change in bowel habits and anemia caused by persistent occult bleeding. The prognosis is poor because symptoms do not occur until the tumor has penetrated the muscle layers of the stomach, spread to surrounding tissues and entered the draining lymph nodes and veins, causing distant metastases. Generally the first manifestations of carcinoma are caused by distant metastases. There are a range of choices by which stomach cancer is diagnosed. The choice of diagnostic tests depends on the clinical manifestation at the time of presentation. Most symptoms suggest a problem in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Direct endoscopic visualization and biopsy usually establish the diagnosis. Another definitive technique is microscopic examination of exfoliated cells obtained by lavage during endoscopy- an examination using a flexible viewing tube. Endoscopy is the best diagnostic procedure because it allows a doctor to view the stomach directly; to check for Helicobacter pylori-the bacterium that may play a role in stomach cancer; and to obtain tissue samples for examination under a microscope. The noncancerous stomach polyps are removed using endoscopy. If carcinoma is confined to the stomach, surgery is usually performed to try to cure it. Most or all of the stomach and nearby lymph nodes are removed. The prognosis is good if the cancer has not penetrated the stomach wall too deeply. In the United States, the results of surgery are often poor because most people have extensive cancer by the time a diagnosis is made. In Japan, where cancers are detected earlier by mass screening using endoscopy, the results of the surgery are better. If the carcinoma has spread beyond the stomach, the goal of treatment is to ease the symptoms and prolong life. Thus, chemotherapy and radiation therapy may relieve symptoms. Sometimes, surgery is used to relieve symptoms. For instance is when the passage of food is obstructed at the far end of the trunk, and out the right or left gastric artery. The bleeding site is identified by arteriography, after which a vasopressin infusion is started. Newer experimental methods include electrocuagulation, photocoagulation and application of polymers. At times when conservative methods fail, surgery may be the only method of treatment even though these patients are critically ill and poor surgical risks. The most effective surgical procedure is total gastrectomy, since these erosions are multiple or diffuse and tend to bleed again. The following data show the rate of incidence of cancers in the United States that have been evident not just for those who are whites, but also among the blacks, either female or male.   Please click this cancer.org/docroot/stt/stt_0.asp and attach them to the paper. I made it right like this coz it is difficult to paste the maps, graphs etc. to this order. From this site, you can download the maps and graphs which will show the incidence of gastric cancer not just in the US but worldwide. Indeed, there are several factors that predispose the onset of stomach cancer. Whether these factors are genetically based or have been caused by environmental factors, it is critical to be well-educated about stomach cancer. One could not directly conclude whether stomach cancer is caused by genetics or by the environment. In fact, studies have shown that all these factors can cause stomach cancer to an individual and may even worsen the condition, as the case there may be. Having enough knowledge as well as making the right treatment choices can make the difference of life or death. Understanding the causes and treatments of stomach cancer will help a person be conscious of his health. Through awareness, the whole population will get rid of the factors that might cause this cancer. By doing so, the incidence of stomach cancer will be lowered down and that good and sound health will already be acquired by the population, regardless of gender, race or socio-economic conditions.

Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen Research Paper

Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen in the hospitalized elderly patients - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the normal aging process in the human body is not a disease, yet involves functional degradation, susceptibility to disease, and progression to the death of the individual. With death of the individual inevitable, the interest in ageing lies in the susceptibility to disease and the interval to death. Gompertz law suggests a pattern for susceptibility to death, which is that in the modern world human death rate doubles with every eight years of advance in age, as a consequence of the aging processes in the human body. There are gender differences in the susceptibility to death from aging in humans. The susceptibility is higher in the male gender than in the female gender. The human body is a functional system. In evaluating the consequences of aging, the concept of failure in the system becomes relevant. From the perspective of the reliability theory, failure of the human body system is the outcome of deviation from the â€Å"optimistically anticipated and desired behavior†. There are two most often used classification for this failure in the human body. They are degradation failures and catastrophic failures or fatal failures. Degradation failures are those failures in the human body, wherein a component or group of components of the human body no longer functions at the proper levels. Catastrophic failures or fatal failures in the human body occur when a component or group of components in the human body cease to function. ... Age-related structural changes that occur in the heart are an increase in the size of the heart muscles and increase and thickness in the heart chambers and heart cells. These age-related structural changes, with particular emphasis on left ventricle, have an impact on the pumping efficacy of the heart. The impact causes reduction in the heart muscle flexibility, and through that a reduction in the pumping efficacy of the heart. Nevertheless, generally speaking, normal age-related changes in the heart has no affect on the contractile force of the heart and its ability to meet the need of pumping blood throughout the human body (Yee-Melichar, Boyle & Flores, 2011, p.356). There is greater impact of age-related changes on the flow of blood in the human body. With age the walls of the arteries stiffen and twisted, which increases the resistance to flow of blood in these blood vessels. This leads to the heart having to apply more pressure for flow of blood through these blood vessels. Th e increased pressure along the blood vessels from this response of the heart can lead to damage and more changes in the arteries. Age-related changes also occur in the veins. These changes include thickening of the walls of the veins, more dilation of the veins, and reduced elasticity of the walls of the veins. In addition, there is a reduction in the efficiency of the working of the valves in the veins to return blood to the heart. The consequence of all these changes is that there reduced return of blood from the body to the heart, resulting in pooling of blood in the extremities. These result in dependent edema in the lower extremities, when elderly individuals remain seated for long periods, like on long airline journeys (Yee-Melichar, Boyle & Flores, 2011,